![]() ![]() Larvae are then coughed up, swallowed, and travel to the small intestine where they develop into the adult stage. Once inside the human, the larvae migrate through the veins until they reach the lungs. Because infective larvae mature in the soil, they tend to invade via the hands or feet. Hookworm infection occurs when third-stage larvae (元), known as filariform, come in contact with and penetrate human skin. However, the majority of the global burden of disease is due to associated morbidity and not mortality. Hookworm causes an estimated 65,000 deaths annually. As seen on the map below (Figure 1), hookworm infection is highest in sub-Saharan Africa, regions of Southeast Asia, India, Latin America, China, and the Middle East (3). Additionally, an estimated 3.2 billion people are at risk for acquiring hookworm infection (2). Current estimates of global hookworm prevalence range from 600-740 million cases (1, 2). In humans, the intestinal nematodes Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus cause hookworm infection. ![]()
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